1. Boron Citrate is a supplement that contains the trace mineral boron. Boron is naturally found in plant-based foods and is known for its potential benefits in improving bone density, preventing osteoporosis, increasing strength, and promoting muscle mass. While there is limited research on the need for additional boron supplementation, some studies suggest that it may have positive effects on conditions such as osteoarthritis and yeast infections.

2. Calcium Carbonate is a mineral commonly used to alleviate symptoms caused by excess stomach acids, such as heartburn or indigestion. Calcium carbonate is a positively charged electrolyte that provides substances that move in and out of cells. Calcium citrate is often recommended for individuals at risk of developing kidney stones. This supplement aids in the excretion of urinary citrate, which helps protect against the formation of stones. Elemental calcium is the amount of calcium absorbed by the body, with Calcium Carbonate having the most significant amount at 40% absorption and Calcium Gluconate having the lowest at 9%.

3. Chromium picolinate is an alternate form of chromium that is believed to be absorbed better by the body. This is why it is commonly found in dietary supplements. It is thought to have potential benefits for improving the body’s response to insulin and lowering blood sugar levels in individuals with diabetes. Additionally, it may help reduce hunger, cravings, and binge eating. Chromium picolinate is considered an essential trace element, meaning that tiny amounts of it are necessary for human health, particularly in the metabolism of nutrients. It has been used for improving blood sugar control in people with prediabetes, as well as for managing depression and lowering harmful cholesterol levels. It is also believed to have potential benefits for body conditioning, including weight loss, increasing muscle mass, and decreasing body fat. Furthermore, chromium picolinate is sometimes used to improve athletic performance and increase energy levels. However, it’s important to note that while there is some evidence supporting these potential benefits, more research is needed to fully understand the effects of chromium picolinate on these various aspects of health and performance.

4. Copper gluconate is a crystal or powder with a light blue or blue-green color. It is produced by combining cupric oxide or basic cupric carbonate with gluconic acid. This dietary supplement is used to treat copper deficiency in individuals. Copper is essential for average growth and overall health. In cases where individuals cannot obtain enough copper through their regular diet or have a higher need for copper, copper supplements may be necessary. Copper is crucial in helping the body utilize iron and supporting nerve function, bone growth, and sugar metabolism. A lack of copper in the body can lead to anemia and osteoporosis, characterized by weak bones. Certain conditions can increase the body’s need for copper, such as skin abrasions, diarrhea, intestinal disease, kidney disease, pancreas health, and ongoing stress.

5. Iron is a vital mineral that is essential for various bodily functions. It is a critical component of hemoglobin, the protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen from the lungs to the rest of the body.  Here are some benefits of this mineral:

1. Oxygen Transport: Iron is crucial for forming hemoglobin, which transports oxygen in the blood.
2. Energy Production: Iron helps in converting nutrients into energy.
3. Immune Function: It supports the immune system, helping the body fight infections.
4. Cognitive Function: Adequate iron levels are essential for maintaining healthy brain function and development.

Iron can be found in red meat, poultry, fish, lentils, beans, and fortified cereals. Adequate iron intake is essential for preventing anemia and ensuring overall health.

6. Magnesium Amino Acid Chelate is a supplement to ensure the body has enough magnesium. Magnesium is an essential mineral that is a positively charged electrolyte for the body. It plays a crucial role in producing energy and is necessary for various systems, particularly the muscles and nerves. Chelated magnesium is a form of magnesium that is easily absorbed by the body. So, chelated magnesium is used as a supplement to ensure the body has enough magnesium.

7. Manganese glycinate is a chelated form of the trace mineral manganese and the amino acid glycine. It is helpful in the formation of clotting factors, connective tissue, sex hormones, and bones. Manganese glycinate is composed of trace mineral manganese and the amino acid glycine, making it easily absorbable by the body. It is crucial in various bodily functions, including calcium absorption and carbohydrate and fat metabolism. Manganese glycinate also contributes to normal nerve and brain function and is a component of the enzyme superoxide dismutase, which helps fight free radicals. A decreased level of manganese can lead to infertility, seizures, weakness, and bone malformation. Additionally, manganese glycinate can be used as a contrast enhancement agent for magnetic resonance imaging in the heart.

8. Molybdenum is essential to our body’s antioxidant defense system. It activates enzymes that act as antioxidants, neutralizing harmful free radicals and protecting our cells from damage. By doing so, molybdenum helps prevent various health problems such as aging, cancer, weak immune systems, heart attacks, strokes, and more. One of the critical benefits of molybdenum is its ability to maintain normal levels of nitric oxide in the body. Nitric oxide helps improve blood circulation by dilating blood vessels, protects blood vessels from injuries, and regulates cell growth. Molybdenum is a critical component of an enzyme called nitrate reductase, which breaks down nitrate into nitrogen dioxide, a precursor to nitric oxide. In addition, molybdenum plays a vital role in preventing and treating metabolic diseases. It has excellent metabolic interaction properties, meaning it helps produce the energy required to keep our cells healthy and alive. It also aids in synthesizing macronutrients like fats, proteins, and carbohydrates to obtain energy. Our body contains numerous enzymes that rely on molybdenum for their proper functioning. One of the most significant enzymes is sulfide oxidase, which activates the conversion of sulfite compounds to sulfate. This activation is crucial for maintaining a healthy metabolism rate of sulfur-containing amino acids.

9. Potassium chloride is a colorless crystal made of potassium and chlorine. It easily dissolves in water and has a taste similar to salt. Potassium chloride is used in various fields, including medicine, scientific research, and food processing.  One of its primary uses is as a dietary supplement to address low levels of potassium in the blood. It can also be used as a substitute for salt. Potassium is a positive charged electrolyte which is essential for the proper functioning of the human body, as it plays a role in muscle contraction, nerve function, and regulation of heartbeats. Additionally, it helps maintain normal cell function.  A diet rich in potassium can help mitigate the negative effects of salt on blood pressure.  The benefits of taking potassium chloride include reducing high blood pressure, lowering the risk of heart disease and stroke, and reducing salt intake when used as a substitute.

10. Potassium Iodide is a nutritional supplement used in human diets and is absorbed by the thyroid gland. The oxidation of iodide causes a slow loss of iodine content from iodized salts that are exposed to excess air. is a nutritional supplement used in human diets and is absorbed by the thyroid gland. The oxidation of iodide causes a slow loss of iodine content from iodized salts that are exposed to excess air. Potassium iodide is also used as an expectorant to thin mucus and loosen congestion in the chest and throat. It is used in people with breathing problems that can be complicated by thick mucus, such as asthma, chronic bronchitis, or emphysema.  In 1982, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration approved potassium iodide in much higher doses to protect thyroid glands from radioactive iodine involving accidents or fission emergencies. 

11. Selenium Citrate is a supplement form of the essential nutrient selenium. Selenium is necessary for the body’s production of selenoproteins, which are a family of proteins that contain selenium in the form of an amino acid.  These selenoproteins play a crucial role in various important processes in the body, including embryo development, thyroid hormone metabolism, antioxidant defense, sperm production, muscle function, and the immune system’s response to vaccinations. Low levels of selenium have been linked to negative health outcomes, such as suppressed immune function and an increased risk of anxiety, infertility, heart disease, and even death.  Certain populations, such as those who follow vegan diets, individuals with HIV, and those with kidney failure requiring dialysis, are at a higher risk of developing selenium deficiency. Research has shown that selenium supplements may be beneficial for improving immune function in these populations and reducing symptoms related to certain health conditions, such as autoimmune thyroid disease.

12. Sodium is a mineral and an essential nutrient found in salt and many foods. It plays a key role in maintaining fluid balance, transmitting nerve impulses, and ensuring proper muscle function. Benefits of sodium include:

1. Fluid Balance: Sodium helps regulate the amount of water in and around cells.
2. Nerve Function: It is crucial for the transmission of electrical signals in the nervous system.
3. Muscle Contraction: Sodium is necessary for proper muscle function and contraction.
4. Blood Pressure Regulation: It helps maintain blood pressure levels by controlling the volume of blood in the body.

While this positive charged electrolyte is essential for balancing health, consuming it in moderation is important to avoid issues like high blood pressure and heart disease.

13. Vanadium Nicotine Glycinate is an amino acid-chelated mineral developed and patented by Albion Labs. It is notably used for improving athletic performance in weight training. It is said to have a tissue-building effect by facilitating the motion of glucose and amino acids into the muscles at a faster rate.

1. Maintains healthy vision:  Vitamin A plays a crucial role in preserving and maintaining your vision. It helps convert the light that enters your eye into an electrical signal that can be sent to your brain. Vitamin A is also involved in the production of pigments for your retinas and provides moisture for your corneas. Night blindness is an early sign of vitamin A deficiency, which, if left untreated, can lead to permanent vision loss. Consuming foods rich in vitamin A may reduce the risk of developing cataracts or age-related macular degeneration (AMD). One study suggests that vitamin A may even restore some vision loss.
2. Aids immune system function:  Vitamin A supports your immune system by strengthening white blood cells and the mucus membranes in your lungs, intestines, and urinary tract. This helps protect against infections and toxins that can cause inflammation and disease. The World Health Organization has found that giving vitamin A supplements to children with measles can reduce the severity of the disease, potentially saving lives.
3. Reducing cancer risk:  While the role of vitamin A in lowering the risk of cancer is still uncertain, some studies suggest that consuming higher amounts of beta-carotene or vitamin A from plant foods may protect against certain types of cancer, such as non-Hodgkin lymphoma. However, other research has shown that high doses of vitamin A supplements may increase the risk of cancer and death in individuals who smoke or used to smoke. More research is needed to establish a clear connection between vitamin A and cancer prevention or treatment.
4. Keeps skin clear:  Vitamin A is often touted as an effective treatment for acne and age-related skin changes, including wrinkles and age spots. However, it’s important to use vitamin A for skin health with caution. Too little vitamin A can lead to blocked sweat glands and increase the risk of acne, while excessive vitamin A can cause skin discoloration and dryness. Prescription retinol has been shown to improve acne, but further research is needed to determine the effectiveness of non-prescription forms. It’s also worth noting that retinol treatments can make your skin more sensitive to the sun, so it’s important to consult with a healthcare provider or dermatologist for appropriate care based on your skin type.
5. Supports reproductive health:  Adequate amounts of vitamin A in your diet are essential for healthy reproductive function. Vitamin A deficiency can lead to infertility and delayed growth and development in children. However, it’s important to avoid excessive vitamin A intake during pregnancy, as it can harm the fetus and increase the risk of birth defects, infections, and diseases. Pregnant individuals should avoid foods high in vitamin A, such as pâté and liver, as well as vitamin A supplements.
6. Keeps bones and teeth strong:  Vitamin A plays a role in maintaining proper bone growth and development, reducing the risk of injury or disability. However, it’s important to maintain a balance, as excessive vitamin A intake has been associated with a higher risk of bone health issues, including hip fractures and osteoporosis.

14. Vitamin A Palmitate is the ester of retinol (vitamin A) and palmitic acid and is used to prevent or treat low levels of Vitamin A in the body. Low levels of Vitamin A can be caused by conditions such as hyperthyroidism, diabetes, protein deficiency, liver, and pancreas problems. Vitamin A Palmitate has been shown to have significant benefits on eye health and vision.

1. Maintains healthy vision. Vitamin A plays a crucial role in preserving and maintaining vision. It helps convert the light that enters the eye into an electrical signal that can be sent to the brain. Vitamin A is also involved in the production of pigments for retinas and provides moisture for corneas. Night blindness is an early sign of vitamin A deficiency, which, if left untreated, can lead to permanent vision loss. Consuming foods rich in vitamin A may reduce the risk of developing cataracts or age-related macular degeneration (AMD). In fact, one study suggests that vitamin A may even restore some vision loss.
2. Aids immune system function. Vitamin A supports the immune system by strengthening white blood cells and the mucus membranes in lungs, intestines, and urinary tract. This helps protect against infections and toxins that can cause inflammation and disease. The World Health Organization has found that giving vitamin A supplements to children with measles can reduce the severity of the disease, potentially saving lives.
3. Reduces cancer risk. While the role of vitamin A in lowering the risk of cancer is still uncertain, some studies suggest that consuming higher amounts of beta-carotene or vitamin A from plant foods may protect against certain types of cancer, such as non-Hodgkin lymphoma. However, other research has shown that high doses of vitamin A supplements may actually increase the risk of cancer and death in individuals who smoke or used to smoke. More research is needed to establish a clear connection between vitamin A and cancer prevention or treatment.
4. Keeps skin clear. Vitamin A is often touted as an effective treatment for acne and age-related skin changes, including wrinkles and age spots. However, it’s important to use vitamin A for skin health with caution. Too little vitamin A can lead to blocked sweat glands and increased risk of acne, while excessive vitamin A can cause skin discoloration and dryness. Prescription retinol has been shown to improve acne, but further research is needed to determine the effectiveness of non-prescription forms. It’s also worth noting that retinol treatments can make your skin more sensitive to the sun, so it’s important to consult with a healthcare provider or dermatologist for appropriate care based on your skin type.
5. Supports reproductive health. Adequate amounts of vitamin A in your diet are essential for healthy reproductive function. Vitamin A deficiency can lead to infertility and delayed growth and development in children. However, it’s important to avoid excessive vitamin A intake during pregnancy, as it can harm the fetus and increase the risk of birth defects, infections, and diseases. Pregnant individuals should avoid foods high in vitamin A, such as pâté and liver, as well as vitamin A supplements.
6. Keeps bones and teeth strong. Vitamin A plays a role in maintaining proper bone growth and development, reducing the risk of injury or disability. However, it’s important to maintain a balance, as excessive vitamin A intake has been associated with a higher risk of bone health issues, including hip fractures and osteoporosis.

15. Vitamin B1, also known as Thiamine Mononitrate, is commonly used to address low levels of thiamine in the body. It is known to assist in various ways, such as improving digestive issues, enhancing appetite, boosting the immune system, promoting kidney health, increasing energy levels, enhancing cognitive function, and fostering a positive mental state. It plays a crucial role in energy production and optimal neural functioning. Additionally, it helps maintain the integrity and viability of cells. Individuals with certain conditions like alcohol use disorder, diabetes, specific gastrointestinal conditions or surgeries, or heart failure should be mindful of potential thiamine deficiencies.

16. Vitamin B2, also known as riboflavin, is a vitamin that is naturally found in various foods such as eggs, green vegetables, milk and other dairy products, meat, mushrooms, and almonds. It plays a crucial role in the production of red blood cells and supports cellular functions related to energy. As a supplement, it is commonly used to prevent and treat riboflavin deficiency and to prevent migraines. Riboflavin is naturally present in foods, added to foods, and available as a supplement. While small amounts of riboflavin can be produced by bacteria in the gut, it is not enough to meet dietary needs. Riboflavin is an essential component of coenzymes that are involved in cell growth, energy production, and the breakdown of fats, steroids, and medications. Since most riboflavin is used immediately and not stored in the body, any excess amounts are excreted in the urine. Consuming excessive amounts of riboflavin, usually through supplements, can cause the urine to become bright yellow.

17. Vitamin B3, also known as niacin, is a member of the B-complex vitamins that help support various essential functions in the body. Research has shown that niacin can have beneficial effects on cholesterol and triglyceride levels, contributing to heart health. It has also been associated with improvements in memory loss, motion sickness, and maintaining healthy blood pressure. Niacin has been used to treat a wide range of conditions and may have positive effects on blood fat levels, blood pressure, type 1 diabetes, brain health, and skin cancer prevention.

18. Vitamin B5, assists with conditions such as carpal tunnel syndrome, protection against mental and physical stress, anxiety, reducing adverse effects of hyperthyroidism, stimulating adrenal glands, helping reduce chronic fatigue syndrome, and promoting wound healing.  Vitamin B5, or pantothenic acid, is one of the most important vitamins for human life. It plays a crucial role in making blood cells and converting the food you eat into energy. In addition to its energy-producing functions, vitamin B5 is essential for maintaining healthy skin, hair, and eyes, proper functioning of the nervous system and liver, a healthy digestive tract, and the production of red blood cells as well as sex and stress-related hormones in the adrenal glands.

19. Vitamin B6, also known as pyridoxal-5-phosphate, is a vitamin used for a variety of purposes. It can help boost the immune system, treat eye and bladder infections, prevent kidney stones, alleviate allergies, reduce excess prolactin in males, prevent eye disease, increase appetite, and aid in remembering dreams. Vitamin B6, or pyridoxine, is a water-soluble vitamin that is naturally found in many foods and is also added to foods and supplements. Pyridoxal 5 phosphate is the active coenzyme form of vitamin B6 and is the most common measure of B6 levels in the body. It acts as a coenzyme for more than 100 enzymes, assisting in various functions such as the breakdown of proteins, carbohydrates, and fats. It also helps maintain normal levels of homocysteine, which is important for heart health, and supports immune function and brain health.

20. Vitamin B7 (Biotin) is a water-soluble vitamin that plays a crucial role in converting certain nutrients into energy. It is an important component of enzymes involved in metabolizing fats and carbohydrates for cell growth and protein synthesis. Additionally, it assists in the transfer of carbon dioxide and may be helpful in maintaining steady blood sugar levels. Biotin is naturally found in some foods and is also available in supplement form. It plays a vital role in assisting enzymes to break down fats, carbohydrates, and proteins in food. Furthermore, it helps regulate signals sent by cells and the activity of genes.

21. Vitamin B9 Folate, the natural form of vitamin B9, is a water-soluble vitamin that is naturally found in many foods. It is also added to foods and sold as a supplement in the form of folic acid, which is actually better absorbed than the folate from food sources. Folate plays a crucial role in DNA and RNA formation and is involved in protein metabolism. It is essential for breaking down homocysteine, an amino acid that can have harmful effects on the body in high amounts. Folate is also necessary for producing healthy red blood cells and is particularly important during periods of rapid growth, such as pregnancy and fetal development.  Folate has been associated with various health benefits, including:

1. Promoting heart health:  Folate can help lower high blood levels of homocysteine, which is linked to an increased risk of cardiovascular disease.
2. Improving cognition:  Taking folic acid supplements may improve memory and thinking skills in older adults experiencing a faster-than-normal decline. There is also a possible link between folate deficiency and an increased risk of Alzheimer’s disease.
3. Slowing liver disease:  A combination of foods containing B12 and folic acid has been found to slow the progression of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), a severe form of fatty liver disease.
4. Slowing age-related hearing loss:  Folic acid supplements may help slow age-related hearing loss in older adults with low folate intake and high homocysteine levels.
5. Reducing the risk of age-related macular degeneration (AMD):  Daily supplements of folic acid, along with vitamins B6 and B12, have been associated with a reduced risk of developing AMD, a condition that can cause vision loss.

22. B12 Methylcobalamin is a form of vitamin B12 that is equivalent physiologically to vitamin B12. It can be used to prevent or treat pathology arising from a lack of vitamin B12 intake, also known as vitamin B12 deficiency. Methylcobalamin is commonly used in the treatment of peripheral neuropathy, diabetic neuropathy, and as a preliminary treatment for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.  Vitamin B12, or cobalamin, plays several important roles in the body. It is involved in DNA synthesis, energy production, the development and function of the central nervous system, red blood cell formation, and myelination. A deficiency in vitamin B12 can have serious consequences, including anemia, fatigue, heart palpitations, and dementia. There are several factors that can contribute to a vitamin B12 deficiency, such as prolonged use of certain medications, gastrointestinal surgeries, difficulty with absorption, and low intake of vitamin B12-rich foods. Additionally, older adults are at an increased risk of deficiency due to decreased absorption with age.

23. Vitamin C, also known as ascorbic acid and ascorbate, is a water-soluble vitamin that cannot be produced by the human body and must be obtained through a diet rich in fruits and vegetables or through supplementation. It is commonly used to prevent and treat the common cold, gum disease, acne, skin infections, and stomach ulcers. Additionally, it plays a crucial role in supporting heart health, blood vessels, and boosting the immune system.  Regular use of vitamin C supplements may reduce the duration of the common cold, but it does not appear to prevent infection. The effects of supplementation on the risk of cancer, cardiovascular disease, and dementia are still unclear. Vitamin C can be taken orally or through injection.  Normal doses are considered safe during pregnancy. Vitamin C is found in citrus fruits, as well as other fruits and vegetables. It is also available as a dietary supplement and is used as an ingredient in topical serums to treat melasma and wrinkles on the face. Furthermore, it is essential for tissue repair, collagen formation, and the production of certain neurotransmitters. It is involved in various enzymatic processes and is important for immune system function. Additionally, it acts as an antioxidant.

24. Vitamin D3 is a form of vitamin D that is used to treat and prevent vitamin D deficiency and associated diseases, such as rickets. It is also used for conditions like familial hypophosphatemia, hypoparathyroidism, and Fanconi syndrome. Vitamin D3 is typically taken orally. Vitamin D3 is produced in the skin when it is exposed to UVB light. It is then converted to calcifediol (25-hydroxyvitamin D) in the liver, and further converted to calcitriol (1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D) in the kidneys. One of its main functions is to increase the absorption of calcium by the intestines. It can be found in certain foods like fish, cheese, and eggs. In some countries, certain foods like milk are fortified with cholecalciferol, a form of vitamin D3.

25. Vitamin E is a fat-soluble vitamin that acts as an antioxidant, protecting cells from damage by free radicals. Free radicals are unstable molecules that can cause problems such as heart disease, cancer, and vision loss. Vitamin E also helps the immune system and prevents blood clots in the arteries. The only form of vitamin E that the body can use is alpha-tocopherol. Vitamin E is found in foods like nuts, seeds, and vegetable oils. Some people take high doses of vitamin E supplements to prevent chronic diseases, but the evidence for this is mixed.

26. Vitamin K is essential for blood clotting, which prevents excessive bleeding. It also helps keep bones healthy. There are two types of vitamin K: K1 from plants and K2 from the gut. Most adults get enough K1 from foods like spinach and kale, and make enough K2 in their intestines. The body also recycles vitamin K efficiently. However, some factors can affect vitamin K levels, such as certain diseases and medications.

27. Zinc gluconate is a popular form of zinc supplement that is used to treat and prevent zinc deficiency. It is the zinc salt of gluconic acid and is commonly found in cold remedies such as lozenges and nasal sprays. Zinc gluconate may improve immune function and has been shown to reduce the duration of the common cold. It also acts as an antioxidant, reducing inflammation and protecting against chronic conditions like heart disease, cancer, and diabetes. Additionally, zinc is known for its role in blood sugar management and insulin secretion, and it may help fight acne and improve heart health. Zinc supplements are also used to slow the progression of age-related macular degeneration and protect against vision loss.